Publications

2026 and In Press

  1. Zhang, J., Fischer, F., Falk, C. F., Wu, Y., Alkan, A., Sun, Y., González-Domínguez, N. P., Boruff, J. T., Cuijpers, P., Gilbody, S., Harel, D., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Levis, B., Markham, S., Patten, S. B., Takwoingi, Y., Ziegelstein, R. C., Benedetti, A., Thombs, B. D., & the DEPRESSD HADS Collaboration (in press). Comparison of the accuracy of latent factor and sum scoring of the hospital anxiety and depression scale to screen for major depression: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.122051

  2. Somer, E., Falk, C.F., & Miočević, M. (in press). A comparison of regularization, alignment, and a traditional method for estimating structural relationships across multiple groups. Multivariate Behavioral Research. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2026.2650840
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

  3. Chen, L., Miočević, M., & Falk, C. F. (in press). Power priors for latent variable mediation models under small samples. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. doi: 10.1111/bmsp.70025
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

  4. Falk, C. F., Huang, A., & Ilagan, M. J. (in press). Unsupervised [randomly responding] survey bot detection: In search of high classification accuracy. Psychological Methods. doi: 10.1037/met0000746
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

  5. Bonifay, W., Cai, L., Falk, C. F., & Preacher, K. J. (in press). Reassessing the fitting propensity of factor models. Psychological Methods. doi: 10.1037/met0000735

  6. Chen, L., Miočević, M., & Falk, C. F. (2026). Evaluating approaches for handling sign reflection in Bayesian latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 33, 223-234. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2025.2588572
    [Author copy]   [OSF]

  7. Falk, C. F., & Chen, L. (2026). A comparison of scaled difference tests for forming confidence intervals in SEM. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 33, 19-31. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2025.2555612
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

2025

  1. Falk, C. F., Ilagan, M. J., Verdam, M. G. E., & Sawatzky, R. (2025). Bot detection: Simulations and application in people-centered health measurement surveys. Proceedings of the 89th Annual International Meeting of the Psychometric Society. doi: 10.64028/idns583103

  2. Ilagan, M. J. & Falk, C. F. (2025). Unsupervised detection of random responding for Likert-type inventories with varying numbers of response categories. Proceedings of the 89th Annual International Meeting of the Psychometric Society. doi: 10.64028/fnzx384888

  3. Falk, C. F., & Starr, J. (2025). Regularized cross-sectional network modeling with missing data: A comparison of methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 60, 1274-1292. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2025.2551373
    [Preprint] [OSF]

  4. He, L., Lu, B., Falk, C. F., & Hwang, H. (2025). Evaluation of generative adversarial imputation nets’ performance in handling missing data in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 32, 1026-1039. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2025.2531528

  5. Miller, A. E., Bicaker, E., Trolio, V., Falk, C. F., White, C., Zhu, L. Y., & Racine, S. E. (2025). Capturing the experience of borderline personality disorder symptoms in the daily lives of women with eating disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 134, 173-183. doi: 10.1037/abn0000953

  6. Shen, Z., Chen, L., Somer, E., Miočević, M., & Falk, C. F. (2025). Latent variable interactions with categorical indicators: Continuous and categorical latent moderated structural equation approaches. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 33, 460-474. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2024.2443943
    [Preprint]

2024

  1. Chen, L., Miočević, M., & Falk, C. F. (2024). Tackling challenges in data pooling: missing data handling in latent variable models with continuous and categorical indicators. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 31, 651-666. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2023.2300079
    [Preprint]   [Shiny App]

  2. Huang, S., Chung, S., & Falk, C. F. (2024). Modeling response styles in cross-classified data using a cross-classified multidimensional nominal response model. Journal of Educational Measurement, 61, 486-510. doi: 10.1111/jedm.12401

  3. Ilagan, M.J., & Falk, C. F. (2024). Model-agnostic unsupervised detection of bots in a Likert-type questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 56, 5068-5085. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02246-7
    [Preprint]   [OSF]   [R Package (dev version)]   [Workshop]

  4. Somer, E., Falk, C. F., & Miočević, M. (2024). Comparing factor score approaches to SEM in multigroup models with small samples. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 31, 310-328. doi: doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2243387
    [OSF]

  5. Fujimoto, K. A., & Falk, C. F. (2024). The accuracy of Bayesian model fit indices in selecting among multidimensional item response theory models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 84, 217-244. doi: 10.1177/00131644231165520
    [Preprint]

  6. Falk, C. F., Vogel, T. A., Hammami, S., & Miočević, M. (2024). Multilevel mediation analysis in R: A comparison of resampling and Bayesian approaches. Behavior Research Methods, 56, 750-764. doi: 10.3758/s13428-023-02079-4
    [Preprint]   [OSF]   [R Package (CRAN)]   [R Package (GitHub)]

  7. Sawatzky, R., Verdam, M. G. E., Mehdipour, A., Ratner, P. A., Antonio, M., Courtney, K., Cuthbertson, L., Falk, C. F., Gadermann, A., Jackson, J., Kwon, J.-Y., Lix, L. M., Liu, J., Sajobi, T. T., Schick-Makaroff, K., Wong, H., & Zumbo, B. D. (2024). Are social determinants of health associated with measurement bias? [Abstract]. Quality of Life Research, 33 (Suppl 1), S53-54. doi: 10.1007/s11136-024-03786-x

2023

  1. Vogel, T. A., Desjardins, S., Chabot, B., Otto, A. R., Falk, C. F., & Roy, M. (2023). Cognitive fatigue weakens the effects of distraction on pain. Pain, 164, 2845-2851. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002985
    [Preprint] [OSF]

  2. Starr, J., & Falk, C.F. (2023). A comparison of latent variable and psychological network models in mental and physical health symptom data: Common output metrics and factor structure. Quality of Life Research, 32, 3247-3255. doi: 10.1007/s11136-023-03471-5
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

  3. Falk, C.F., & Muthukrishna, M. (2023). Parsimony in model selection: Tools for assessing fit propensity. Psychological Methods, 28, 123-136. doi: 10.1037/met0000422
    [Preprint]   [R Package (GitHub)]

    • Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript
    • Won Research Award from the Quantitative Methods Section of the Canadian Psychological Association (2024)

  4. Zimmermann, J., Falk, C. F., Wendt., L., Spitzer, C., Fischer, F., Bach, B., Sellbom, M., & Müller, S. (2023). Validating the German version of the Personality Disorder Severity-ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale using nominal response models. Psychological Assessment, 35, 257-268. doi: 10.1037/pas0001199
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

  5. Ilagan, M.J., & Falk, C. F. (2023). Supervised classes, unsupervised mixing proportions: Detection of bots in a Likert-type questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 83, 217-239. doi: 10.1177/00131644221104220
    [Preprint]   [OSF]

2022

  1. Vogel, T. A., Falk, C. F., Otto, A. R., & Roy, M. (2022). Distraction from pain depends on task demands and value. Pain Reports, 7(6), e1041. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001041 [Preprint]

  2. Fischer, F., Levis, B., Falk, C.F., Sun, Y., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Cuijpers, P., Shrier, I., Benedetti, A., Thombs, B., & the DEPRESion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) PHQ Collaboration (2022). Comparison of different scoring methods based on latent variable models of the PHQ-9: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 52, 3472-3483. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721000131

  3. Béland, S., & Falk, C.F. (2022). A comparison of modern and popular approaches to calculating reliability for dichotomously scored items. Applied Psychological Measurement, 46, 321-337. doi: 10.1177/01466216221084210
    [R code]   [R functions]

  4. Falk, C.F., & Fischer, F. (2022). More flexible response functions for the PROMIS physical functioning item bank by application of a monotonic polynomial approach. Quality of Life Research, 31, 37-47. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02873-7

  5. Carrière, K., Shireen, H., Siemers, N., Preißner, C. K., Starr, J., Falk, C. F., & Knäuper, B. (2022). The development and validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Appetite, 158, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689

  6. Falk, C.F., & Feuerstahler, L.M. (2022). On the performance of semi- and nonparametric item response functions in computer adaptive tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 82, 57-75. doi: 10.1177/00131644211014261

2021

  1. Falk, C.F. (2021). A note on the interpretation and simulation of reparameterized intercepts in constrained versions of the nominal response model. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 17, 345-354. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.17.4.p345

  2. Starr, J., Falk, C.F., Monroe, S., & Vachon, D.D. (2021). A comparison of limited information fit statistics for a response style MIRT model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56, 687-702. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1828024

  3. Hwang, H., Cho, G., Jung, K., Falk, C.F., Flake, J., Jin, M.J., & Lee, S.H. (2021). An approach to structural equation modeling with both factors and components: Integrated generalized structured component analysis. Psychological Methods, 26, 273-294. doi: 10.1037/met0000336

    • Won Research Award from the Quantitative Methods Section of the Canadian Psychological Association (2022)

2020

  1. Hong, S.E., Monroe, S., & Falk, C.F. (2020). Performance of person-fit statistics under model misspecification. Journal of Educational Measurement, 57, 423-442. doi: 10.1111/jedm.12207

  2. Falk, C.F. (2020). The monotonic polynomial graded response model: Implementation and a comparative study. Applied Psychological Measurement, 44, 465-481. doi: 10.1177/0146621620909897

  3. Falk, C.F., & Ju, U. (2020). Estimation of response styles using the multidimensional nominal response model: A tutorial and comparison with sum-scores. Frontiers in Psychology: Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 11:72, 1-17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00072

  4. Pritikin, J.N., & Falk, C.F. (2020). OpenMx: A modular research environment for item response theory methods development. [Software Announcement] Applied Psychological Measurement, 44, 561-562. doi: 10.1177/0146621620929431

2019

  1. Ju, U., & Falk, C.F. (2019). Modeling response styles in cross-country self-reports: An application of a multilevel multidimensional nominal response model. Journal of Educational Measurement, 56, 169-191. doi: 10.1111/jedm.12205

    • Ranked among top 10 most downloaded articles published by the journal during 2019-2020

  2. Falk, C.F. (2019). Model selection for monotonic polynomial item response models. In In M. Wiberg, S. Culpepper, R. Janssen, J. González, and D. Molenaar (Eds.), Quantitative Psychology: The 83rd Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, New York, NY, 2018 (pp. 75–85). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.

  3. Primi, R., Hauck-Filho, N., Valentini, F., Santos, D., & Falk, C.F. (2019). Controlling acquiescence bias with multidimensional IRT modeling. In M. Wiberg, S. Culpepper, R. Janssen, J. Gonz´alez, and D. Molenaar (Eds.), Quantitative Psychology: The 83rd Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, New York, NY, 2018 (pp. 39–52). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.

2018

  1. Falk, C.F., & Monroe, S. (2018). On Lagrange Multiplier tests in multidimensional item response theory: Information matrices and model misspecification. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78, 653-678. doi: 10.1177/0013164417714506

  2. Marcoulides, K.M., & Falk, C.F. (2018). Model specification searches in structural equation modeling with R. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23, 484-491. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1409074
    [R Functions]   [R Package]

  3. Falk, C.F. (2018). Are robust standard errors the best approach for interval estimation with non-normal data in structural equation modeling? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25, 244-266. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1367254
    [Supplementary Materials]

    • Won Research Award from the Quantitative Methods Section of the Canadian Psychological Association (2019)

  4. Falk, C.F., & Pritikin, J.N. (2018). Computer programming in quantitative analysis. In B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation (pp. 336–340). Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE.

2016

  1. Falk, C.F., & Cai, L. (2016a). A flexible full-information approach to the modeling of response styles. Psychological Methods, 21, 328-347. doi: 10.1037/met0000059

  2. Falk, C.F., & Cai, L. (2016b). Maximum marginal likelihood estimation of a monotonic polynomial generalized partial credit model with applications to multiple group analysis. Psychometrika, 81, 434-460. doi: 10.1007/s11336-014-9428-7

  3. Falk, C.F., & Cai, L. (2016c). Semi-parametric item response functions in the context of guessing. Journal of Educational Measurement, 53, 229-247. doi: 10.1111/jedm.12111

  4. Falk, C.F., & Biesanz, J.C. (2016). Two cross-platform programs for inferences and interval estimation about indirect effects in mediational models. SAGE Open, 6. doi: 10.1177/2158244015625445

2015 and earlier

  1. Chuang, J., Savalei, V., & Falk, C.F. (2015). Investigation of Type I Error rates of three versions of robust chi-square difference tests. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22, 517-530. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.938713

  2. Falk, C.F., & Heine, S.J. (2015). What is implicit self-esteem, and does it vary across cultures? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 177-198. doi: 10.1177/1088868314544693

  3. Falk, C.F., & Biesanz, J.C. (2015). Inference and interval estimation methods for indirect effects with latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 22, 24-38. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.935266

  4. Falk, C.F., Heine, S.J., Takemura, K., Zhang, C.X.J., & Hsu, C.-W. (2015). Are implicit self-esteem measures valid for assessing individual and cultural differences? Journal of Personality, 83, 56-68. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12082

  5. Savalei, V., & Falk, C.F. (2014). Recovering substantive factor loadings in the presence of acquiescence bias: A comparison of three approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 49, 407-424. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2014.931800

  6. Savalei, V., & Falk, C.F. (2014). Robust two-stage approach outperforms robust full information maximum likelihood with incomplete nonnormal data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21, 280-302. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2014.882692

  7. Falk, C.F., Heine, S.J., & Takemura, K. (2014). Cultural variability in the minimal group effect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 265-281. doi: 10.1177/0022022113492892

  8. Dunlop, W.L., Falk, C.F., & Beauchamp, M.R. (2013). How dynamic are exercise group dynamics? Examining changes in cohesion within class-based exercise programs. Health Psychology, 32, 1240-1243. doi: 10.1037/a0030412

  9. Ruby, M.B., Falk, C.F., Heine, S.J., Villa, C., & Silberstein, O. (2012). Not all collectivisms are equal: Opposing preferences for ideal affect between East Asians and Mexicans. Emotion, 12, 1206-1209. doi: 10.1037/a0029118

  10. Dere, J., Falk, C.F., & Ryder, A.G. (2012). Unpacking cultural differences in alexithymia: The role of cultural values among Euro-Canadian and Chinese-Canadian students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 1297-1312.doi: 10.1177/0022022111430254

  11. Falk, C.F., & Biesanz, J.C. (2011). Inference and interval estimation for indirect effects with latent variable models [Abstract]. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 1012. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2011.636702

  12. Falk, C.F., & Savalei, V. (2011). The relationship between unstandardized and standardized alpha, true reliability, and the underlying measurement model. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 445-453. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2011.594129

  13. Maddux, W.W., Yang, H., Falk, C.F., Adam, H., Adair, W., Endo, Y., Carmon, Z., & Heine, S.J. (2010). For whom is parting with possessions most painful? Cultural differences in the endowment effect. Psychological Science, 21, 1910-1917. doi: 10.1177/0956797610388818

  14. Falk, C.F., Dunn, E.W., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Cultural variation in the importance of expected enjoyment for decision making. Social Cognition, 28, 609-629. doi: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.5.609

  15. Biesanz, J.C., Falk, C.F., & Savalei, V. (2010). Assessing mediational models: Testing and interval estimation for indirect effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 661-701. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2010.498292

  16. Falk, C.F., Heine, S.J., Yuki, M., & Takemura, K. (2009). Why do Westerners self-enhance more than East Asians? European Journal of Personality, 23, 183-203. doi: 10.1002/per.715